Learning Outcomes

1. Dance majors will demonstrate an advanced level of technical proficiency in ballet and / or contemporary dance. Dance majors in Performance as well as Dance Education must achieve level three by graduation.
2. Students will be able to write about dance in an educated manner and use critical approaches to evaluate dance.
3. Students will describe the principles and theories of dance artists, their theories and choreographic strengths and also the material that pertains to history and cultural dance. 
4. Students will be able to verbally articulate the principles and theories of dance artists and their significance in terms of history and cultural dance.
5. Students are expected to demonstrate an appropriate level of knowledge about theoretical perspectives in dance education, instruction, assessment, dance education content, classroom management, and leadership in dance education in order to proceed to the professional program and student teaching.

Progression Requirements

1. At the end of each semester, dance majors will be evaluated for proficiency and progression to the next level of dance technique based on rubrics and syllabi. 
2. All dance majors with an emphasis in dance education must fulfill admission requirements for the Professional Education Program and Internship.
3. To remain in the dance major, a student must make satisfactory progress towards a degree. A student who fails to make satisfactory progress may be placed on academic probation or removed from the college.

Admissions

Entrance Requirements

New freshmen who meet University admissions standards are eligible for admission to degree programs offered by the college. A student who wishes to enter the College of Arts and Sciences from another college on the Columbia campus must be in good standing and have a cumulative GPA of 2.00 or higher. A student who wishes to enter the College of Arts and Sciences from another USC campus must fulfill one of the following requirements:

1. Be in good standing, meet the admission requirements for a baccalaureate degree on the Columbia campus, and have a cumulative GPA of 2.00 or higher.
2. Be in good standing and have completed 30 semester hours with a GPA of 2.00 or higher on a USC campus.

Some programs in the College of Arts and Sciences have special admission requirements established by the department or committee that supervises the specific degree program, for example, Cardiovascular Technology, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Economics, Environmental Science, the Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies, and the Bachelor of Science in Interdisciplinary Studies. These requirements are listed in the sections of this bulletin that describe department and special degree programs.

Degree Requirements (120 hours)

Program of Study

Program Summary

Requirements	Credit Hours
1. Carolina Core	32-44
2. College Requirements	15-18
3. Program Requirements	0-41
4. Major Requirements	32-70

Founding Documents Requirement

All undergraduate students must take a 3-credit course or its equivalent with a passing grade in the subject areas of History, Political Science, or African American Studies that covers the founding documents including the United State Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation and one or more documents that are foundational to the African American Freedom struggle, and a minimum of five essays from the Federalist papers.  This course may count as a requirement in any part of the program of study including the Carolina Core, the major, minor or cognate, or as a general elective.  Courses that meet this requirement are listed here.

1. Carolina Core Requirements (32-44 hours)

CMW – Effective, Engaged, and Persuasive Communication: Written (6 hours)

must be passed with a grade of C or higher​

• any CC-CMW courses

ARP – Analytical Reasoning and Problem Solving (6-8 hours)

• any CC-ARP courses

SCI – Scientific Literacy (8 hours)

• Two 4-credit hour CC-SCI courses 

GFL – Global Citizenship and Multicultural Understanding: Foreign Language  (0-6 hours)

Demonstration of proficiency in one foreign language equivalent to the minimal passing grade on the exit examination in the 122 course is required. Students can demonstrate this proficiency by successfully completing Phase II of the Proficiency Test or by successfully completing the 122 course, including the exit exam administered as part of that course.

• CC-GFL courses

​It is strongly recommended that students continuing the study of a foreign language begin college-level study of that language in their first semester and continue in that language until their particular foreign language requirement is completed.

GHS – ​Global Citizenship and Multicultural Understanding: Historical Thinking (3 hours)

• any CC-GHS course

GSS – Global Citizenship and Multicultural Understanding: Social Sciences (3 hours)

• any CC-GSS course

AIU – Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding (3 hours)

• any CC-AIU course

CMS – Effective, Engaged, and Persuasive Communication: Spoken Component¹ (0-3 hours)

• any overlay or stand-alone CC-CMS course

INF – Information Literacy¹ (0-3 hours)

• any overlay or stand-alone CC-INF course

VSR – Values, Ethics, and Social Responsibility¹ (0-3 hours)

• any overlay or stand-alone CC-VSR course

¹

Carolina Core Stand Alone or Overlay Eligible Requirements — Overlay-approved courses offer students the option of meeting two Carolina Core components in a single course. A maximum of two overlays is allowed. The total Carolina Core credit hours must add up to a minimum of 31 hours. Some programs may have a higher number of minimum Carolina Core hours due to specified requirements.

2. College Requirements (15-18 hours)

Foreign Language (0-3 hours) 

• only if needed to meet 122-level proficiency

History (3 hours) 

The College of Arts and Sciences requires one additional GHS course beyond the Carolina Core GHS requirement. 

• If the Carolina Core GHS requirement is fulfilled by a U.S. history course, the College of Arts and Sciences history requirement must be fulfilled by a non-U.S. history course.
• If the Carolina Core GHS requirement is fulfilled by a non-U.S. history course, the College of Arts and Sciences history requirement must be fulfilled by a U.S. history course. 

Please select the College of Arts and Sciences history requirement from the approved list of U.S. and non-U.S. history courses.

Social Science and Fine Arts or Humanities (12 hours)

• Social Science (3 hours)
  • The College of Arts and Science requires one 3- hour Social Science Course
• Fine Arts/Humanities (9 Hours)
  • A Bachelor of Arts from the College of Arts and Sciences requires three 3-hour Fine Arts/Humanities Courses
    • The following must be passed with a grade of C or higher (C+ or higher for Dance Education K-12 Certification):
      • ​​DANC 150*
      • DANC 281​​*
      • DANC 282​​*

3. Program Requirements (0-41 hours)

Cognate or Minor (12-18 hours) optional for Dance Education K-12 Certification Concentration 

Students must complete a cognate (12 hours) or a minor as part of this program.  In lieu of a cognate or minor, an additional major may be added to a student’s program of study. Additional majors must include all major courses as well as any prescribed courses noted (*) in the bulletin.  Prescribed courses noted in the bulletin may be shared with Carolina Core, College requirements, and Program requirements in the primary program. 

Cognate (12 hours)

The cognate must consist of twelve (12) hours of courses at the advanced level, outside of but related to the major. The cognate may be taken in one or more departments or programs.

Courses offered by departments and programs that are acceptable for cognate credit are outlined in the section titled Courses Acceptable for Cognate Credit in Degree Programs in the College of Arts and Sciences. Some major programs have specific cognate requirements. It should be emphasized that the cognate is not a second set of elective courses to be chosen at random by the student. Students are urged to consult their major advisors for specific requirements in their major.

For Bachelor of Arts degrees, all cognate courses must be passed with a grade of C or higher.

Minor (18 hours)

In place of the cognate a student in the College of Arts and Sciences may choose a minor consisting of at least 18 credit hours of prescribed courses.

The minor is intended to develop a coherent basic preparation in a second area of study. It differs from the cognate inasmuch as the courses must follow a structured sequence.

Courses applied toward general education requirements cannot be counted toward the minor. No course may satisfy both major and minor requirements. All minor courses must be passed with a grade of C or higher. At least half of the courses in the minor must be completed in residence at the University.

A list of minor programs of study can be found at Programs A-Z.

Electives (0-29 hours)

120 (or 128) degree applicable credits are required to complete any degree at USC. After the cognate, minor or second major is complete, any additional credits needed to reach 120 (or 128) total credits can be fulfilled by electives. No courses of a remedial, developmental, skill-acquiring, or vocational nature may apply as credit toward degrees in the College of Arts and Sciences. The College of Arts and Sciences allows the use of the Pass-Fail option on elective courses. Further clarification on inapplicable courses can be obtained from the College of Arts and Sciences.

4. Major Requirements (32-70 hours)

A minimum grade of C is required in all major courses. (C+ or higher for Dance Education K-12 Certification)

Select one of the following concentrations:

Performance and Choreography Concentration (32 hours)

Course List

Course	Title	Credits
DANC 103	The Dancer's Body	3
DANC 160A	Dance Improvisation and Composition	3
DANC 360	Choreography I	3
DANC 480	Senior Capstone Preparation	1
DANC 490	Senior Capstone Dance Project	2
DANC 500	Selected Topics in Dance (Take 2 semesters)	2
Techniques
Ballet: 6 semesters (6-12 credits)		6-12
DANC 202A	Ballet Technique II
DANC 302	Ballet Technique III
DANC 402	Ballet Technique IV
Modern: 2 semesters		2
DANC 212A	Modern Dance Technique
Contemporary: 4 semesters		4
DANC 312	Contemporary Dance Technique
DANC 412	Advanced Contemporary Dance Technique
Two additional Dance Technique classes from the following options (must be two different classes): Jazz, Pointe, Hip Hop, West African, Musical Theatre, or Tap		2
DANC 278	Jazz Dance Technique II
DANC 204	Intermediate Pointe Technique
DANC 304	Tap Dance
DANC 307	West African Dance
DANC 378	Hip Hop
DANC 380	Movement and Dance for Musical Theatre
Dance Company		4
4 hours from the courses below:
DANC 177	Student Choreography Showcase/Performer
DANC 277	Student Choreography Showcase/Choreographer
DANC 376	Faculty/Guest Artist Dance Company
Total Credit Hours		32-38

Note:  Students must meet both the number of credits and distribution of technique requirements listed. Some techniques courses are variable credit. To graduate with a major in dance, students must successfully complete DANC 302 and DANC 312. Students may take up to 24 hours of techniques courses toward the major.

Dance Education K-12 Certification Concentration (70 hours)

Dance majors with an emphasis in Dance Education K-12 teacher certification must meet USC and South Carolina Department of Education requirements in order to be recommended for certification (includes passing state-required examinations). An application for certification is required. Contact the College of Education, Office of Student Affairs, 803-777-6732.

Course List

Course	Title	Credits
DANC 103	The Dancer's Body	3
DANC 160A	Dance Improvisation and Composition	3
DANC 360	Choreography I	3
DANC 476	Production Design for Dance	3
Dance Techniques		16-24
Students must complete the requirements below and have a total of at least 16 hours in dance techniques.
Ballet Techniques (4-8 hours):
DANC 202A	Ballet Technique II
DANC 302	Ballet Technique III
DANC 402	Ballet Technique IV
Modern/Contemporary Techniques (4-8 hours):
DANC 212A	Modern Dance Technique
DANC 312	Contemporary Dance Technique
DANC 412	Advanced Contemporary Dance Technique
One semester of each technique below:
DANC 278	Jazz Dance Technique II
or DANC 378	Hip Hop
DANC 307	West African Dance
DANC 380	Movement and Dance for Musical Theatre
Dance Company		3
3 hours from the courses below:
DANC 177	Student Choreography Showcase/Performer
DANC 277	Student Choreography Showcase/Choreographer
DANC 376	Faculty/Guest Artist Dance Company
Professional Education
DANC 270	Introduction to Dance Education	2
DANC 370	Creative Dance	3
DANC 470	Dance Pedagogy for Middle and High School	4
DANC 471	Internship Seminar in Dance Education	1
DANC 478	Integrated Approaches in Dance Education	5
DANC 479	Teaching Internship in Dance Education	12
Education Courses
EDFI 300	Schools in Communities	3
EDPY 401	Learners and the Diversity of Learning	3
PEDU 515	Physical Education for Inclusion	3
or EDEX 523	Introduction to Exceptional Children
EDRD 500	Content Area Literacy PK-12	3
Total Credit Hours		70-78

Notes:

• Students must successfully complete DANC 302 and DANC 312 with a C+ or better.
• Ballet and contemporary technique courses are variable credit.
• Students must meet both the number of credits and distribution of technique requirements listed above.

Professional Education Program Requirements

The dance major with an emphasis in dance education supports prospective teachers in developing both in-depth content knowledge and appropriate knowledge, skills, and dispositions of teaching required in today’s classrooms.

Extensive clinical experiences in a variety of appropriate K-12 classrooms and schools are a central component of the program.

Application and admission to the Professional Program in Education (typically at 60 credit hours) and admission to Internship are required for all majors seeking teacher certification. All teacher education candidates must adhere to all education policies and procedures related to clinical experiences. Information on education applications, policies, and procedures is available from the College of Education, Advising and Student Services office at 803-777-6732.

Specific requirements in dance education for Admission to Internship II/Student Teaching include the following:

1. Admission to the Professional Program.
2. Maintenance of minimum collegiate summary grade point average as required for admission to the Professional Program.
3. Successful Completion of DANC 270, DANC 370, DANC 470, and DANC 478; all courses within the dance major and all performance practicum requirements.
4. A grade of C+ or better in all dance, dance education and education courses.
5. Successful completion of 100 practicum hours completed during the dance education coursework.
6. Satisfactory performance in the area of teacher education dispositions.
7. SLED clearance through fingerprinting and background check requirements.
8. Successful completion of the application for student teaching.

Major Map

A major map is a layout of required courses in a given program of study, including critical courses and suggested course sequences to ensure a clear path to graduation.

Major maps are only a suggested or recommended sequence of courses required in a program of study. Please contact your academic advisor for assistance in the application of specific coursework to a program of study and course selection and planning for upcoming semesters.

Dance, B.A. Performance and Choreography Concentration

Dance, B.A. Dance Education K-12 Certification Concentration    

Dance, B.A. Performance and Choreography Concentration

Plan of Study Grid

First Year
Fall		Credit Hours
ENGL 101	Critical Reading and Composition	3
DANC 150	Introduction to Dance 3	3
Ballet Technique Course 4		1
Modern Technique Course 4		1
Foreign language or other Carolina Core Requirement 5,6		3
Elective 7		3
	Credit Hours	14
Spring
ENGL 102	Rhetoric and Composition	3
DANC 160A	Dance Improvisation and Composition 8	3
Ballet Technique Course 4		1
Modern Technique Course 4		1
Dance Company 9		1
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3-4
Foreign language or other Carolina Core Requirement 5,6		3
	Credit Hours	15-16
Second Year
Fall
DANC 360	Choreography I	3
Ballet Technique Course 4		1
Contemporary Technique Course 4		1
Dance Company 9		1
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3-4
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
Foreign language or Carolina Core Requirement 5,6		3
	Credit Hours	15-16
Spring
DANC 103	The Dancer's Body	3
Ballet Technique Course 4		1
Contemporary Technique Course 4		1
Dance Company 9		1
Cognate or Minor Course 10		3
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
	Credit Hours	15
Third Year
Fall
DANC 281	Dance History I 3	3
Ballet Technique Course 4		1
Contemporary Technique Course 4		1
Cognate or Minor Course 10		3
Histoy 11		3
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
	Credit Hours	14
Spring
DANC 282	Dance History II 3	3
Ballet Technique Course 4		1
Contemporary Technique Course 4		1
Technique Course 4		1
Cognate or Minor Course 10		3
Cognate or Minor Course 10		3
Carolina Core Requirement or Elective 6,7		3
	Credit Hours	15
Fourth Year
Fall
DANC 480	Senior Capstone Preparation	1
Technique Course 4		1
DANC 500	Selected Topics in Dance	1
Dance Company 9		1
Minor Course or Elective 7,10		3
Social Science		3
Carolina Core Requirement or Elective 6,7		3
Elective 7		3
	Credit Hours	16
Spring
DANC 490	Senior Capstone Dance Project	2
DANC 500	Selected Topics in Dance	1
Carolina Core Requirement or Elective 6,7		3
Minor Course or Elective 7,8		3
Elective 7		3
Elective 7		3
	Credit Hours	15
	Total Credit Hours	119-121

¹

Regardless of individual course grades, students must maintain a minimum 2.000 cumulative GPA. 

²

Some colleges require a minimum GPA for major courses. 

³

DANC 150, 281, and 282 fulfill the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences’ nine hours of Humanities or Fine requirements. 

⁴

Techniques Requirements:

• Ballet: 6 semesters (6-12 credits): DANC 202A, DANC 302, DANC 402.
• Modern: 2 semesters (2 credits): DANC 212A.
• Contemporary: 4 semesters (4 credits): DANC 312, 412.
• Additional Techniques: 2 Dance Technique classes (2 credits) from the following options (must be two different classes): Jazz, Pointe, Hip Hop, West African, Musical Theatre, or Tap: DANC 278, 204, 304, 307, 378, 380. 

Note: Students must meet both the number of credits and distribution of technique requirements listed.  Some techniques courses are variable credit.  To graduate with a major in dance, students must successfully complete DANC 302 and DANC 312.  Students may take up to 24 hours of techniques courses toward the major. 

⁵

Students in the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences are required to demonstrate proficiency in one foreign language equivalent to the 122 course through course credit or the corresponding foreign language placement score. 

⁶

The Carolina Core provides the common core of knowledge, skill and academic experience for all Carolina undergraduate students. 

⁷

No courses of a remedial, developmental, skill-acquiring, or vocational nature may apply as credit toward degrees in the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences.  The McCausland College of Arts and Sciences allows the use of the Pass-Fail option on elective courses.  Further clarification on inapplicable courses can be obtained from the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences. 

⁸

Suffix A is for dance majors. 

⁹

Dance Company (4 hours):

• DANC 177 Student Choreography Showcase/Performer
• DANC 277 Student Choreography Showcase/Choreographer
• DANC 376 Faculty/Guest Artist Dance Company 

¹⁰

The cognate is intended to support the course work in the major.  The cognate must consist of twelve hours of courses at the advanced level, outside of, but related to the major.  In place of a cognate, a student may choose a minor consisting of at least 18 credit hours of courses concentrated in one area that follow a structured sequence.  A second major eliminates the minor/cognate requirement. 

¹¹

The McCausland College of Arts and Sciences requires one U.S. History and one non-U.S. History course, both of which must be chosen from the approved Carolina Core GHS courses.  Whichever is not fulfilled through the Carolina Core GHS requirement must be fulfilled through this college requirement. 

Program Notes:

• All undergraduate students must take a 3-credit course or its equivalent with a passing grade that covers the founding documents. This course may fulfill any requirement in the program of study. Courses that meet this requirement are listed in the academic bulletin.
• The last 30 credit hours toward your degree must be earned in residence at the University of South Carolina-Columbia. 

Dance, B.A. Dance Education K-12 Certification Concentration

Plan of Study Grid

First Year
Fall		Credit Hours
ENGL 101	Critical Reading and Composition	3
DANC 150	Introduction to Dance	3
Dance Company 4		1
Ballet Technique Course 5		1
Modern Technique Course 5		1
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
Foreign language or other Carolina Core Requirement 6,7		3
	Credit Hours	15
Spring
ENGL 102	Rhetoric and Composition	3
DANC 160A	Dance Improvisation and Composition 8	3
Ballet Technique Course 5		1
Modern Technique Course 5		1
Education Course 9		3
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
Foreign language or other Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
Progression: Prepare for and take Praxis Core exams if SAT or ACT minimum score not met
	Credit Hours	17
Second Year
Fall
DANC 360	Choreography I	3
DANC 370	Creative Dance (fall only) 10	3
Dance Company 4		1
Ballet Technique Course 5		1
Contemporary Technique Course 5		1
Education Course 9		3
Foreign language or Carolina Core Requirement 6,7		3
*Progression: Take and pass the EEDA Assessment on Blackboard
	Credit Hours	15
Spring
DANC 380	Movement and Dance for Musical Theatre	3
DANC 103	The Dancer's Body	3
DANC 470	Dance Pedagogy for Middle and High School (spring only)	4
Ballet Technique Course 5		1
Contemporary Technique Course 5		1
Education Course 9		3
*Progression: Apply for Professional Program (all requirements for Professional Program must be met by July 15 prior to fifth semester) 1
	Credit Hours	15
Third Year
Fall
DANC 476	Production Design for Dance	3
DANC 281	Dance History I 3	3
DANC 478	Integrated Approaches in Dance Education (fall only) 10	5
Dance Company 4		1
Dance Technique 5		1
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3-4
	Credit Hours	16-17
Spring
DANC 282	Dance History II 3	3
DANC 278 or DANC 378	Jazz Dance Technique II or Hip Hop	1
DANC 307	West African Dance	1
DANC 270	Introduction to Dance Education (spring only)	2
Dance Technique 5		1
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
History 12		3
Carolina Core Requirement (only if needed to meet Carolina Core)		0-3
Progression: Apply for Internship and SC Teacher Licensure
	Credit Hours	14-17
Fourth Year
Fall
Dance Technique 5		1
Education Course 9		3
Social Science		3
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3-4
Carolina Core Requirement 6		3
Carolina Core Requirement or Elective (only if needed to meet Carolina Core or hours to graduate) 6,11		0-3
*Progression: Take required PLT Certification exams during senior year
	Credit Hours	13-17
Spring
DANC 479	Teaching Internship in Dance Education	12
DANC 471	Internship Seminar in Dance Education	1
*Progression: Apply for Initial Certification
	Credit Hours	13
	Total Credit Hours	118-126

¹

Regardless of individual course grades, students must maintain a minimum 2.000 cumulative GPA. Application and admission to the Professional Program in Education (typically at 60 credit hours with a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.75) and admission to Internship are required for all majors seeking teacher certification. 

²

Some colleges require a minimum GPA for major courses. 

³

DANC 150, 281, and 282 fulfill the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences’ nine hours of Humanities or Fine requirements. 

⁴

Dance Company (3 hours): DANC 177, 277, 376. 

⁵

Techniques (11 hours): The Dance Education Certification requires a minimum of 4 ballet techniques and 4 modern/contemporary techniques and 3 additional credit hours of techniques from additional technique courses.

• Ballet: DANC 202A, 302, 402.
• Modern/Contemporary: DANC 212A, 312, 412.
• Additional technique courses: Musical Theatre Dance, West African Dance, and once additional technique from either jazz or hip hop 

Note: Students must meet both the number of credits and distribution of technique requirements listed.  Some techniques courses are variable credit.  To graduate with a major in dance, students must successfully complete DANC 302 and DANC 312 with a C+ or better. 

⁶

The Carolina Core provides the common core of knowledge, skill and academic experience for all Carolina undergraduate students.  Although students may take up to 43 hours to meet all Carolina Core requirements, students in the Dance Education program must have at least 3 hours of overlay credit, or test out of 3 hours of foreign language, in order to avoid summer courses or semesters in excess of 15-16 hours and graduate in eight semesters. 

⁷

Students in the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences are required to demonstrate proficiency in one foreign language equivalent to the 122 course through course credit or the corresponding foreign language placement score. 

⁸

Suffix A is for dance majors.  DANC 160 may be repeated up to six times for credit.

⁹

Education Courses (12 hours): EDFI 300, EDPY 401, PEDU 515, EDRD 500. 

¹⁰

Specific course sequence is based on even or odd bulletin entry year. See Undergraduate Director for more information. 

¹¹

No courses of a remedial, developmental, skill-acquiring, or vocational nature may apply as credit toward degrees in the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences.  The McCausland College of Arts and Sciences allows the use of the Pass-Fail option on elective courses.  Further clarification on inapplicable courses can be obtained from the McCausland College of Arts and Sciences. 

¹²

The McCausland College of Arts and Sciences requires one U.S. History and one non-U.S. History course, both of which must be chosen from the approved Carolina Core GHS courses.  Whichever is not fulfilled through the Carolina Core GHS requirement must be fulfilled through this college requirement. 

Program Notes: 

• ENGL 101 & 102 are “critical” courses and must be completed in the student’s first 60 semester hours of work in order for these courses to be credited toward graduation.  DANC 160, 270, 370, 470, and 478 must be taken in the semester in which they are listed to meet prerequisites for subsequent required courses and graduate in eight semesters.  DANC 471 and 479 may only be taken in the last semester and is only offered in spring semester.
• All undergraduate students must take a 3-credit course or its equivalent with a passing grade that covers the founding documents. This course may fulfill any requirement in the program of study. Courses that meet this requirement are listed in the academic bulletin.
• All teacher education candidates must adhere to all education policies and procedures related to clinical experiences.  Information on education application, policies, and procedures is available from the College of Education, Office of Student Affairs at 803-777-6732.
• The last 30 credit hours toward your degree must be earned in residence at the University of South Carolina-Columbia.